Review of thermo : solutions, change of standard states, activity interaction parameters. Reactor models : CSTR and plug flow reactors, residence time distributions; Structure and thermodynamics of slags.C-O, Si-O, Mn-O reactions, reactions of S and P, sulphide and phosphate capacities. Oxygen steelmaking : design parameters for vessel and lance, material and heat balances. Process dynamics, static dynamic and process models, process control. Electric arc furnace : reaction mechanisms, material and heat balances, equipment design principles.Ladle metallurgy; Deoxidation : thermodynamic and kinetic analysis, inclusion shape control. Secondary and alloy steel making: thermo- and kinetic analysis, model building.Continuous casting: solidification mechanisms and structure, fluid flow and heat transfer in tundish and strand, physical and mathematical models, understanding defects, recent developments.Refractories and phase diagrams.